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Date: Wed, 08 Jun 2022 15:22:13 +0000 (UTC)
From: INSO_AFG_CENTRAL_SA <sa.central@afg.ngosafety.org>
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Message-ID: <oKA4vf8BQlervhPbqfcykQ@geopod-ismtpd-4-1>
Subject: INSO REPORT =?UTF-8?B?4oCTIEFGRyDigJM=?= KABUL: Forced Transport
 Poses Risk to NGO Staff Members
To: Rohullah Azimi <rohullah.azimi@jack.ngo>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC '-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN' 'http://www.w3.org=
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enter><table width=3D"580" style=3D" width: 580px;  border:1px solid #C1C2C=
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				This report is for the exclusive use of INSO partners and must not be s=
hared outside your organisation			</td>
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									<div><span style=3D"font-size:24.0pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0=
; padding: 0; font-family:'Arial', sans-serif; color:#5376b6">&nbsp;&nbsp;R=
EPORT</span></div>
									<div><span style=3D"font-size:10.0pt; font-weight: bold; margin: 0=
; padding: 0; font-family:'Arial', sans-serif; color:#182748">&nbsp;&nbsp;&=
nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ATTENTION RECOMMENDED</span></div>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">LOCATION=
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
								<div style=3D"text-align: justify;">Afghanistan, Kabul Province, Ka=
bul City, PD 4, Taimani Area, <a href=3D"https://goo.gl/maps/ur5mwsZ2g4tJQD=
nT7">Street Four</a></div>								</div>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">INCIDENT=
 TYPE</div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
								Forced Transport								</div>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">DATE & T=
IME</div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
								22/05/2022 07:45								</div>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">INFORMAT=
ION</div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
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<p style=3D"text-align: justify;">At the indicated time and location, two I=
EA members stopped an NGO sedan-type vehicle picking up national staff memb=
ers as part of a routine movement, with one female staff member on board at=
 the time. IEA forces attempted to enter the vehicle, stating that they wer=
e in pursuit of a suspect. The NGO driver refused, stating he was not autho=
rised to transport non-NGO staff members.<br /><br />In response, one of th=
e IEA members readied his firearm and threatened the driver, forcing him to=
 comply with their demands. The two IEA members boarded the vehicle and ins=
tructed the driver to drive to Street 5 of Taimani. During the journey, the=
 IEA members fired one round of SAF into the air, before leaving the vehicl=
e again along <a href=3D"https://goo.gl/maps/kydUG7wLVhFQ1wZc8">Street 5</a=
> of Taimani.<br /><br />All NGO staff members remained unhurt and the inci=
dent was subsequently raised with IEA officials at the relevant PD.</p>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">ANALYSIS=
</div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
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<p style=3D"text-align: justify;">Forced transport demands are most often r=
aised by OAG members as well as members of the security forces and can targ=
et all forms of civilian transport, including NGO vehicles. NGO vehicles on=
 average tend to be better maintained than other civilian vehicles and are =
often easily recognisable via branding or their license plates, making them=
 attractive means of temporary transport for armed individuals. Despite the=
 low number of recorded incidents, anecdotal evidence suggests IEA forces h=
ave authored numerous forced transport demands within Kabul City since 15 A=
ugust 2021.<br /><br />Although the incident did not result in any casualti=
es, forced transportation always poses multiple distinct risks to NGO staff=
 members, irrespective of the involved armed actor and motive. As demonstra=
ted in the latest incident in Kabul, forced transport generally involves a =
direct or implied threat against the targeted motorist. <br /><br />The nat=
ure of these threats varies widely and depend on the actor issuing the dema=
nd, with security forces also being able to threaten drivers with detention=
 as well as firearms, while OAGs may primarily threaten physical violence i=
n case of non-compliance. Irrespective of their exact nature, such threats =
will put significant psychological stress on the targeted individuals, as o=
ptions for immediate outside help to prevent a forced boarding of their veh=
icle are likely to be limited.<br /><br />In addition to this psychological=
 stress, threats of violence always carry the potential for a physical esca=
lation. While this is particularly the case if individuals reject the deman=
d for transportation, misunderstandings or personal animosity between the r=
equesting party and the driver arising during the initial contact, which is=
 marked by high levels of tensions, may also prompt a violent escalation. M=
oreover, given the general lack of adequate firearm safety measures on the =
part of OAG members, criminals, and security forces alike, the possibility =
of an accidental discharge at close range impacting NGO staff or vehicles m=
ust also be considered.<br /><br />If the demand for transport is granted, =
risks also emerge once the individuals demanding transport enter the vehicl=
e. Threats against the driver and other occupants may continue during the d=
rive itself, which carries with it a continued risk of escalation within a =
highly confined space. Along with the possibility of an accidental discharg=
e, this continuously exposes NGO staff members to both psychological and ph=
ysical harm. Furthermore, the individuals may pressure drivers to disregard=
 basic road safety measures by speeding or ignoring other motorists&rsquo; =
right of way, thereby greatly increasing the likelihood of road traffic acc=
idents taking place.<br /><br />For NGO vehicles, transporting armed indivi=
duals also represents a significant reputational risk, as this may contradi=
ct underlying humanitarian principles. This is especially the case if the t=
ransport involves OAG members or security forces, as outside observers can =
easily misinterpret forced transportation as a voluntary act that expresses=
 support for the transported actor. <br /><br />In such a case, OAG or secu=
rity forces members may deem an NGO vehicle transporting these armed indivi=
duals to be a legitimate target for deliberate attacks, which can greatly i=
ncrease the risk of exposure to SAF, IED, or other forms of violence agains=
t NGO staff in the vehicle. In the case of forced transport of OAG members =
or criminals, NGO staff may also face arrest if security forces intercept t=
he vehicle and assume they are affiliated with the external parties, even i=
f they can produce valid NGO credentials.<br /><br />IEA members are expect=
ed to remain the primary author of forced transport demands, given the cont=
inued lack of sufficient internal oversight within the security apparatus t=
hat could prevent such incidents, and allow for the sanctioning of perpetra=
tors. Furthermore, compared to the previous conflict period, OAG members in=
 the Central Region currently only hold minor territory within certain remo=
te areas, limiting their access to frequently travelled roads.</p>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">ADVICE</=
div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
								<div style=3D"text-align: justify;">
<p style=3D"text-align: justify;">When confronted with a demand for forced =
transportation, NGOs should stress to the requesting party the&nbsp;neutral=
, independent character of NGOs, as well as their policy against the carryi=
ng of firearms, and decline transport in a polite, but determined manner.<b=
r /><br />If the individuals demanding transportation escalate their threat=
s of violence or other sanctions to a point that would pose a direct, immed=
iate threat to the involved staff members&rsquo; lives, demands for transpo=
rt should be granted to avoid a further escalation. Should the assailants i=
ssue other demands, such as that staff members leave the vehicle or hand ov=
er valuables or cash, NGO staff should also comply if they feel threatened.=
<br /><br />If armed individuals refuse to enter the vehicle without their =
firearms, NGO staff should request that firearms be secured and carefully p=
laced facing outward, to minimise the possibility of an accidental discharg=
e impacting staff.<br /><br />While underway, NGO drivers should seek to re=
sist demands to lower their road safety standards, such as by conducting da=
ngerous manoeuvres, driving above the speed limit, or otherwise endangering=
 themselves and any other passengers. To this end, NGO staff may attempt to=
 highlight external restrictions, such as mechanical issues with the vehicl=
e preventing higher speeds or a lack of fuel limiting its reach.<br /><br /=
>If safe to do so, NGO staff members should immediately inform their respec=
tive security focal points if faced with a forced transport demand, providi=
ng details on their current location, anticipated location, and background =
of the individuals demanding transportation.<br /><br />To assist in potent=
ial deconfliction in case of forced transport demands issued by security fo=
rces, contact details for relevant IEA officials responsible for the genera=
l area of operations should be available to staff members, including driver=
s.</p>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">ISSUED B=
Y</div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
								<div style=3D"text-align: justify;">SA Central, Dennis Ikas<br /><b=
r /></div>
<div style=3D"text-align: justify;"><a href=3D"mailto:sa.central@afg.ngosaf=
ety.org">sa.central@afg.ngosafety.org</a></div>								</div>
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lor:#15274B;  ">
								<div style=3D"margin: 12.5px 25px; padding: 0 12.5px 0 0;">INSO SER=
IAL #</div>
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2.0pt; font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif; line-height:115%;  ">
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ttom:1px solid #C1C2C4;">
								AFGHANISTAN/CENTRAL/R/08062022/#001								</div>
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rial', sans-serif; color:white; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;=
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				INSO exists to provide dedicated security services to the NGO community=
. As a free service, INSO and its donors or partners, accept no liability w=
hatsoever for claims as may result from the provision or utilisation of the=
se free services. Whilst every effort is made to the verify data, INSO cann=
ot guarantee the accuracy of information provided. Reproduction of INSO inf=
ormation is prohibited.									<br>
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